Exceptional learners are defined as individuals who require special education due to which of the following?

The correct choice highlights that exceptional learners are those who show significant differences in one or more areas compared to their peers. This definition encapsulates a wide range of students, including those with disabilities that impact their learning, as well as those who may excel in specific areas but require adaptations to thrive in traditional educational settings. The emphasis on "marked differences" is crucial, as it acknowledges that these learners may need specialized instructional strategies or resources to meet their unique needs, whether those are challenges or strengths.

The other options do not align with the definition of exceptional learners. For instance, being an overachiever or having remarkable artistic talents does not inherently signify a need for special education services if the student is otherwise performing well within the standard educational framework. Similarly, exhibiting average educational performance does not indicate a requirement for special support, as these students do not demonstrate the marked differences necessary for identifying exceptional learners.